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返老还童:菲茨杰拉德短篇小说选

伯妮斯剪短发 一|BERNICE BOBS HER HAIR I

属类: 双语小说 【分类】双语小说 -[作者: 菲茨杰拉德] 阅读:[22667]
《返老还童——菲茨杰拉德短篇小说选》是美国著名作家菲茨杰拉德的一部短篇小说合集,收录了包括“头和肩膀”“返老还童”“富家子弟”“疯狂的礼拜天”等11个短篇故事。这些故事主题严肃、内容深刻、结构严谨、文笔舒展,反映了一个天才小说家对社会的敏锐观察和对未来的忧患意识,代表了菲茨杰拉德已臻成熟的创作思想和已经形成的艺术风格。
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1
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礼拜六晚上,天黑之后,站在高尔夫球场第一个发球区,可以望见乡村俱乐部的窗子透出黄色的灯光,照着一大片黑压压的、人头攒动的人群。这么说吧,这人群实际上是由许多好奇的球童、一些智商高点的司机和那个职业高尔夫球手的聋子妹妹组成的——而且,通常,还有一些因为缺乏自信而游离在外的人流,如果他们想,便会随时涌入俱乐部。这就是周末舞会的盛况。

1
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After dark on Saturday night one could stand on the first tee of the golf-course and see the country-club windows as a yellow expanse over a very black and wavy ocean. The waves of this ocean, so to speak, were the heads of many curious caddies, a few of the more ingenious chauffeurs, the golf professional’s deaf sister—and there were usually several stray, diffident waves who might have rolled inside had they so desired. This was the gallery.

2
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俱乐部大厅和舞厅的墙连在一起,围成一个内置式的露台,沿墙摆放着一圈藤椅。礼拜六晚上来跳舞的大多是女人,一大群吵吵嚷嚷的中年妇女,戴着长柄眼镜,乳房高耸,目光犀利,心如铁石。这个露台的主要功能就是供这些女人挑毛病的。她们偶尔也会勉强说几句恭维之词,但永远都是违心之语。因为,超过三十五岁的女人都非常明白,参加夏季舞会的年轻人都怀有世界上最龌龊的不轨意图。如果没有这些女人杀伤力十足的目光,那些情侣会溜到角落里去跳一种奇怪而粗鄙的舞蹈。而更流行、更危险的做法是,跳舞的年轻人常常会躲进停车场,在毫不知情的贵妇人们的豪华轿车里接吻。

2
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The balcony was inside. It consisted of the circle of wicker chairs that lined the wall of the combination clubroom and ballroom. At these Saturday-night dances it was largely feminine; a great babel of middle-aged ladies with sharp eyes and icy hearts behind lorgnettes and large bosoms. The main function of the balcony was critical. It occasionally showed grudging admiration, but never approval, for it is well known among ladies over thirty-five that when the younger set dance in the summer-time it is with the very worst intentions in the world, and if they are not bombarded with stony eyes stray couples will dance weird barbaric interludes in the corners, and the more popular, more dangerous, girls will sometimes be kissed in the parked limousines of unsuspecting dowagers.

3
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然而,这群吹毛求疵的女人毕竟离舞台不够近,因此,她们看不清男演员们的脸庞,也捕捉不到那些微妙的插曲。她们只能蹙着眉头,猫着身子去打探消息,根据自以为是的推测——比如,凡是收入可观的年轻人都过着招蜂引蝶的浪荡日子——做出心满意足的论断。她们从来都无法真正理解青春世界变化无常的剧情,也无法真正体会到青春世界残酷无情的一面。没有包厢,各色人等、各种声音混杂在一起,随着戴尔舞蹈乐队忧郁的非洲旋律摇摆,这就是舞会的乐队、主角和合唱团。

3
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But, after all, this critical circle is not close enough to the stage to see the actors’ faces and catch the subtler byplay. It can only frown and lean, ask questions and make satisfactory deductions from its set of postulates, such as the one which states that every young man with a large income leads the life of a hunted partridge. It never really appreciates the drama of the shifting, semi-cruel world of adolescence. No; boxes, orchestra-circle, principals, and chorus are represented by the medley of faces and voices that sway to the plaintive African rhythm of Dyer’s dance orchestra.

4
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在这些人中,十六岁的奥迪斯·奥蒙德还有两年就要从希尔学院毕业了;G.李斯·斯托达德在他家的书桌上悬挂着哈佛大学的法学学位证书;小马德琳·霍格顶着一头奇怪的头发,看起来很别扭;贝茜·麦克雷过上派对生活的时间可是有点长了——十多年了——他们这群人不仅是舞会的主角,还是能够毫无遮挡地看到表演的观众。

4
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From sixteen-year-old Otis Ormonde, who has two more years at Hill School, to G. Reece Stoddard, over whose bureau at home hangs a Harvard law diploma; from little Madeleine Hogue, whose hair still feels strange and uncomfortable on top of her head, to Bessie MacRae, who has been the life of the party a little too long—more than ten years—the medley is not only the centre of the stage but contains the only people capable of getting an unobstructed view of it.

5
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随着一阵花式演奏和一声巨响,音乐戛然而止。舞者们轻松地交换着习以为常的微笑,嘻嘻哈哈地重复着“啦——得——嗒——嗒,嗒姆——嗒姆”,接着,姑娘们叽叽喳喳的欢声笑语骤然盖过了人们的掌声。

5
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With a flourish and a bang the music stops. The couples exchange artificial, effortless smiles, facetiously repeat“la-de-da-da dum-dum,” and then the clatter of young feminine voices soars over the burst of clapping.

6
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几个没有女伴的年轻人正要插进去和女孩们跳舞,音乐的突然停止令舞池中的他们有些失望,有些无所适从,因而他们只好收起热情,无精打采地退回到墙边。和圣诞舞会的狂欢气氛不同,夏季舞会的节奏令人愉快,人们的兴奋程度也恰到好处。因此,已婚的年轻人也会站起来,跳起古老的华尔兹和难看得要命的狐步舞,和对他们报以迁就态度的弟弟妹妹们一起玩乐。

6
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A few disappointed stags caught in midfloor as they bad been about to cut in subsided listlessly back to the walls, because this was not like the riotous Christmas dances—these summer hops were considered just pleasantly warm and exciting, where even the younger marrieds rose and performed ancient waltzes and terrifying fox trots to the tolerant amusement of their younger brothers and sisters.

7
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沃伦·麦金泰尔,一个随便对待学业的耶鲁大学学生,就是这样一个没有舞伴的落寞之人。他从无尾晚礼服的口袋里摸出一根雪茄,溜达到外面的露台上。露台宽敞,灯影朦胧,舞者们散坐在桌子旁。灯影绰绰的夜空,荡漾着暧昧的情话和迷离的笑声。他向周围那些漫不经心的人点头致意。从每一对舞者身边经过时,他的脑海里都会浮起某个处于半沉睡状态的故事片段。这个城市并不大,每个人都对其他人的底细了如指掌。比如,吉姆·斯特兰和埃塞尔·德莫雷斯特已经恋爱三年了。谁都知道,吉姆要是能找到一份工作并能坚持干上两个多月,埃塞尔就会嫁给他。然而,他俩看上去多么不开心呀。有时,埃塞尔厌倦地望着吉姆,仿佛想弄明白,自己过去怎么会把感情的藤蔓缠绕在这样一棵在风雨中飘摇的树上。

7
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Warren McIntyre, who casually attended Yale, being one of the unfortunate stags, felt in his dinner-coat pocket for a cigarette and strolled out onto the wide, semidark veranda, where couples were scattered at tables, filling the lantern-hung night with vague words and hazy laughter. He nodded here and there at the less absorbed and as he passed each couple some half-forgotten fragment of a story played in his mind, for it was not a large city and every one was Who’s Who to every one else’s past. There, for example, were Jim Strain and Ethel Demorest, who had been privately engaged for three years. Every one knew that as soon as Jim managed to hold a job for more than two months she would marry him. Yet how bored they both looked, and how wearily Ethel regarded Jim sometimes, as if she wondered why she had trained the vines of her affection on such a wind-shaken poplar.

8
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十九岁的沃伦很为那些没有去东部上大学的朋友们惋惜。但是,和大多数男孩子一样,一旦远离家乡,他就会极力夸耀远在家乡的姑娘们。吉纳维芙·奥蒙德总是到普林斯顿、耶鲁、威廉姆斯和康奈尔大学去跳舞、参加家庭派对、踢足球。在同龄人当中,黑眼睛的罗伯塔·迪琳和同辈的约翰逊·海勒姆与泰·考柏一样有名气。当然,还有玛娇丽·哈维,她貌若天仙,嘴巴抹蜜。除此之外,她还因为去年在纽黑文举行的软皮鞋舞和木屐舞的舞会上连续做了五个侧手翻而大名鼎鼎。

8
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Warren was nineteen and rather pitying with those of his friends who hadn’t gone East to college. But, like most boys, he bragged tremendously about the girls of his city when he was away from it. There was Genevieve Ormonde, who regularly made the rounds of dances, house-parties, and football games at Princeton, Yale, Williams, and Cornell; there was black-eyed Roberta Dillon, who was quite as famous to her own generation as Hiram Johnson or Ty Cobb; and, of course, there was Marjorie Harvey, who besides having a fairylike face and a dazzling, bewildering tongue was already justly celebrated for having turned five cart-wheels in succession during the last pump-and-slipper dance at New Haven.

9
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沃伦和玛娇丽隔街而居,他对她早已情根深种。有时,她用一点少得可怜的感激之情来回报他。而且,她还用一个百试不爽的方法来考验他:郑重其事地告诉他,她不爱他。她的具体做法是:一旦他不在身边,她就把他抛到脑后,而去和其他小伙子们谈情说爱。沃伦很沮丧,特别是,整个夏天玛娇丽三天两头去旅行,每次在她回来后的头几天,他都会发现她家客厅的桌子上堆满了写给她的情书,信封上的字迹遒劲有力,为不同的男性所写。更糟的是,八月份她的表妹伯妮斯从奥克莱尔来看她,整整一个月她们俩都黏在一起。他想和她单独见一面似乎是不可能的事。总得想办法另外找人把伯妮斯支开。八月份快结束的时候,想和她单独待一会儿更是难上加难。

9
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Warren, who had grown up across the street from Marjorie, had long been“crazy about her.” Sometimes she seemed to reciprocate his feeling with a faint gratitude, but she had tried him by her infallible test and informed him gravely that she did not love him. Her test was that when she was away from him she forgot him and had affairs with other boys. Warren found this discouraging, especially as Marjorie had been making little trips all summer, and for the first two or three days after each arrival home he saw great heaps of mail on the Harveys’ hall table addressed to her in various masculine handwritings. To make matters worse, all during the month of August she had been visited by her cousin Bernice from Eau Claire, and it seemed impossible to see her alone. It was always necessary to hunt round and find some one to take care of Bernice. As August waned this was becoming more and more difficult.

10
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尽管沃伦非常爱慕玛娇丽,但他不得不承认,她的表妹伯妮斯也一点都不差。她很漂亮,头发乌黑,面颊红润。不过,她在舞会上没有一点情趣。每个礼拜六晚上,为了取悦玛娇丽,他都得没完没了、热情洋溢地和她的表妹跳舞,以完成差事。然而,和伯妮斯在一起,他简直无聊透顶。

10
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Much as Warren worshipped Marjorie he had to admit that Cousin Bernice was sorta dopeless. She was pretty, with dark hair and high color, but she was no fun on a party. Every Saturday night he danced a long arduous duty dance with her to please Marjorie, but he had never been anything but bored in her company.

11
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“沃伦。”一声温柔的呼唤从肘边传来,打断了他的思绪。他望着玛娇丽,一脸兴奋,心旌荡漾。她将一只手搭在他的肩膀上,他的心头悄然腾起一团火花。

11
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Warren”—a soft voice at his elbow broke in upon his thoughts, and he turned to see Marjorie, flushed and radiant as usual. She laid a hand on his shoulder and a glow settled almost imperceptibly over him.

12
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“沃伦,”她轻声慢语地说,“帮我个忙——和伯妮斯跳支舞吧。她被小奥迪斯·奥蒙德缠住了,都快一个小时了。”

12
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Warren,” she whispered, “do something for me—dance with Bernice. She’s been stuck with little Otis Ormonde for almost an hour.”

13
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沃伦心中的火花熄灭了。

13
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Warren’s glow faded.

14
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“哦,好啊。”他心不在焉地答道。

14
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“Why—sure,” he answered half-heartedly.

15
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“你不会介意的,是吗?我不会让你脱不开身的。”

15
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“You don’t mind, do you? I’ll see that you don’t get stuck.”

16
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“没事的。”

16
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“’Sall right.”

17
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玛娇丽笑了——这一笑足以表达她的感激之情。

17
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Marjorie smiled—that smile that was thanks enough.

18
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“你简直是个天使,我不胜感激。”

18
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“You’re an angel, and I’m obliged loads.”

19
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天使叹口气,到露台上四处寻找,却不见伯妮斯和奥迪斯的踪影。他又转回来,在女更衣室前看见了奥迪斯。奥迪斯站在一群男孩子中间,挥舞着一根不知从哪儿捡来的木棍儿,正在高谈阔论,小伙子们笑得像抽了风一样。

19
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With a sigh the angel glanced round the veranda, but Bernice and Otis were not in sight. He wandered back inside, and there in front of the women’s dressing-room he found Otis in the centre of a group of young men who were convulsed with laughter. Otis was brandishing a piece of timber he had picked up, and discoursing volubly.

20
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“她在里面弄头发呢,”他扯着嗓子说,“我正等着和她再跳上一个小时。”

20
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“She’s gone in to fix her hair,” he announced wildly. “I’m waiting to dance another hour with her.”

21
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又爆发出一轮笑声。

21
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Their laughter was renewed.

22
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“你们为什么不和她跳舞呢?”奥迪斯恨恨地喊道,“她更愿意换换口味。”

22
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“Why don’t some of you cut in?” cried Otis resentfully. “She likes more variety.”

23
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“哦,奥迪斯,”一个朋友说,“你好不容易才对上她的胃口。”

23
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“Why, Otis,” suggested a friend, “you’ve just barely got used to her.”

24
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“你拿根棍子干什么,奥迪斯?”沃伦笑着问道。

24
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“Why the two-by-four, Otis?” inquired Warren, smiling.

25
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“棍子?哦,这?这是一根球棒。等她出来的时候,我就一棒子把她敲进去。”

25
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“The two-by-four? Oh, this? This is a club. When she comes out I’ll hit her on the head and knock her in again.”

26
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沃伦一屁股瘫坐在沙发上大笑了起来。

26
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Warren collapsed on a settee and howled with glee.

27
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“放心吧,奥迪斯,”他终于能止住笑好好说话了,“这次我来救你了。”

27
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“Never mind, Otis,” he articulated finally. “I’m relieving you this time.”

28
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奥迪斯假装突然眩晕了一下,把那根棍子递给沃伦。

28
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Otis simulated a sudden fainting attack and handed the stick to Warren.

29
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“也许你用得上,老兄。”他粗鲁地说。

29
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“If you need it, old man,” he said hoarsely.

30
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无论一个姑娘多么光鲜靓丽,如果不能被人频繁地邀请,那她在舞会上的处境就会十分尴尬。也许,比起那些曾经与他们跳过十几支舞的花蝴蝶,男孩子们倒宁愿她的陪伴。但是在爵士乐的滋养中长大的这一代年轻人生性喜怒无常,和同一个姑娘跳上多于一支完整的狐步舞虽然不至于十分厌烦,却会觉得索然无味。跳完几支舞,在中场休息的时候,她能十分确定,一个年轻人一旦摆脱她,就再也不愿碰她那任性的脚指头了。

30
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No matter how beautiful or brilliant a girl may be, the reputation of not being frequently cut in on makes her position at a dance unfortunate. Perhaps boys prefer her company to that of the butte flies with whom they dance a dozen times an evening but, youth in this jazz-nourished generation is temperamentally restless, and the idea of fox-trotting more than one full fox trot with the same girl is distasteful, not to say odious. When it comes to several dances and the intermissions between she can be quite sure that a young man, once relieved, will never tread on her wayward toes again.

31
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沃伦和伯妮斯又跳完了一支舞,多亏有中场休息,他终于可以把她领到露台上的一张桌子旁。沉默片刻后,她扇着扇子开始了乏味的谈话。

31
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Warren danced the next full dance with Bernice, and finally, thankful for the intermission, he led her to a table on the veranda. There was a moment’s silence while she did unimpressive things with her fan.

32
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“这里比奥克莱尔还热。”她说。

32
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“It’s hotter here than in Eau Claire,” she said.

33
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沃伦闷闷地叹了口气,点了点头。他对这种情景已早有预见。他心烦意乱,徒劳地想弄明白,是因为得不到关爱才使她不善交谈,还是因为不善交谈而使她得不到关爱。

33
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Warren stifled a sigh and nodded. It might be for all he knew or cared. He wondered idly whether she was a poor conversationalist because she got no attention or got no attention because she was a poor conversationalist.

34
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“你还要继续在这里待下去吗?”他问道,接着脸就红了。她可能会怀疑他这样问她的初衷。

34
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“You going to be here much longer?” he asked and then turned rather red. She might suspect his reasons for asking.

35
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“还要再待一个礼拜。”她答道。她看着他,仿佛已经猜到他即将脱口而出的话。

35
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“Another week,” she answered, and stared at him as if to lunge at his next remark when it left his lips.

36
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他很不安。突然,他心软了,决定稍微恭维一下她。他回过头看着她的眼睛。

36
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Warren fidgeted. Then with a sudden charitable impulse he decided to try part of his line on her. He turned and looked at her eyes.

37
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“你的嘴唇性感极了。”他平静地说。

37
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“You’ve got an awfully kissable mouth,” he began quietly.

38
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这是他在大学舞会上,在如此刻般朦胧的灯光下,与女生们交谈时挂在嘴边的话。伯妮斯显然吃了一惊,羞红了脸,在扇子后显得很窘迫。以前,这样的话从来没有人对她说过。

38
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This was a remark that he sometimes made to girls at college proms when they were talking in just such half dark as this. Bernice distinctly jumped. She turned an ungraceful red and became clumsy with her fan. No one had ever made such a remark to her before.

39
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“新鲜!”这个词脱口而出,她赶紧咬住嘴唇。然而,当她后来又表现出开心的样子,并对他报以感激的微笑时,为时已晚。

39
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“Fresh!” —the word had slipped out before she realized it, and she bit her lip. Too late she decided to be amused, and offered him a flustered smile.

40
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沃伦很烦恼。一般情况下,姑娘们不会把这句话当真,通常都会哈哈大笑或开几个打情骂俏式的玩笑。把这句话说成新鲜,除非是开玩笑,否则他不喜欢。他的怜悯之心消失了,他换了话题。

40
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Warren was annoyed. Though not accustomed to have that remark taken seriously, still it usually provoked a laugh or a paragraph of sentimental banter. And he hated to be called fresh, except in a joking way. His charitable impulse died and he switched the topic.

41
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“吉姆·斯特兰和埃塞尔·德莫雷斯特总是坐在外面。”他说道。

41
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“Jim Strain and Ethel Demorest sitting out as usual,” he commented.

42
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这句话比较符合伯妮斯的风格。虽然话题的转变使她感到自在些,却也让她觉得有点遗憾。男人们不会和她聊关于嘴唇是否性感的话题,但她知道他们会和其他姑娘聊。

42
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This was more in Bernice’s line, but a faint regret mingled with her relief as the subject changed. Men did not talk to her about kissable mouths, but she knew that they talked in some such way to other girls.

43
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“哦,是的,”她说,然后笑了笑,“听说他们这几年都无所事事,身无分文。这样不是很傻吗?”

43
-

“Oh, yes,” she said, and laughed. “I hear they’ve been mooning around for years without a red penny. Isn’t it silly?”

44
-

沃伦的厌恶之情又增加一层。吉姆·斯特兰是他哥哥的好朋友,无论如何,他认为嘲笑别人没钱是不礼貌的。然而,伯妮斯并非故意要嘲笑谁,她只是紧张而已。

44
-

Warren’s disgust increased. Jim Strain was a close friend of his brother’s, and anyway he considered it bad form to sneer at people for not having money. But Bernice had had no intention of sneering. She was merely nervous.

序号 英文/音标 中文解释 更多操作

wavy

[’weɪvi]

adj.波浪形的;起伏的

caddy

[’kædi]

1.n.茶叶罐;小盒子; 2.n.球童(=caddie)

deaf

[def]

adj.聋的;充耳不闻的

stray

[streɪ]

n.走失的家畜;浪子

bosom

[’bʊzəm]

n.胸部;胸怀;内部;内心

grudge

[ɡrʌdʒ]

n.怨恨;恶意

bombard

[bɒm’bɑːd]

v.炮轰;攻击;【核】以高速粒子撞击

limousine

[’lɪməziːn]

n.豪华轿车

deduction

[dɪ’dʌkʃn]

n.扣除;扣除额;推论;推理;演绎

postulate

[’pɒstjuleɪt]

n.假定;基本条件

chorus

[’kɔːrəs]

n.合唱队;歌舞队;齐声说道;副歌部分

sway

[sweɪ]

v.摇动;摇摆;支配;影响;说服,使相信

orchestra

[’ɔːkɪstrə]

n.管弦乐队

Harvard

[’hɑːvəd]

n.哈佛大学(美国)

diploma

[dɪ’pləʊmə]

n.文凭

bang

[bæŋ]

n.巨响;重击;刘海

clap

[klæp]

v.拍手;轻拍;鼓掌;啪地关上

stag

[stæɡ]

n. 【美口语】单身出外交际的男人;

subside

[səb’saɪd]

vi.沉没;平息;下陷

listless

[’lɪstləs]

adj.无精打采的

excite

[ɪk’saɪt]

vt.使兴奋;使激动;刺激;激起

waltz

[wɔːlts]

n.华尔滋舞

terrify

[’terɪfaɪ]

v.使害怕;使恐怖;威胁

tolerant

[’tɒlərənt]

adj.宽容的;容忍的

amusement

[ə’mjuːzmənt]

n.乐趣,娱乐;消遣

felted

[’feltɪd]

v. 把 ... 制成毡(使 ... 粘结)

stroll

[strəʊl]

n.闲逛;漫步

past

[pɑːst]

a. 过去的;

bore

[bɔː(r)]

【1】 v.使厌烦 【2】 vt. 钻(孔);镗(孔);开凿

wearily

[’wɪərəli]

adv.疲倦地;厌烦地

vine

[vaɪn]

n.藤;蔓;攀爬植物

poplar

[’pɒplə(r)]

n.白杨;白杨木

nineteen

[ˌnaɪn’tiːn]

十九

brag

[bræɡ]

v.吹牛;自夸

tremendous

[trə’mendəs]

adj.巨大的;惊人的

Johnson

[ˈʤɒnsən]

n.约翰逊(人名)

dazzle

[’dæzl]

v.使眼花;使赞许

bewilder

[bɪ’wɪldə(r)]

vt. 使迷惑; 使 ... 不知所措

succession

[sək’seʃn]

n.连续;继承权;继位

Haven

[’heɪvn]

n.港口;避难所

heap

[hiːp]

n.堆;许多;破车

wane

[weɪn]

n.衰落;亏缺;变弱

flush

[flʌʃ]

v.冲洗;发红;将某人赶出

oblige

[ə’blaɪdʒ]

vt.迫使;责成;使感激;施恩于;帮 ... 的忙;使…成为必要

pick

[pɪkt]

采摘,挑选;

renew

[rɪ’njuː]

v.重新开始;更新

resentful

[rɪ’zentfl]

adj.不满的;怨恨的

Warren

[’wɒrən]

n.养兔场;过分拥挤的场所

glee

[ɡliː]

n.欢乐;高兴

hoarse

[hɔːs]

adj.沙哑的;嘶哑的;刺耳的

temperamental

[ˌtemprə’mentl]

adj.气质的;性情的;性格的;喜怒无常的;易怒的

restless

[’restləs]

adj.不安宁的;焦虑的;得不到休息的

intermission

[ˌɪntə’mɪʃn]

n.中止;中断;停顿;幕间休息

tread

[tred]

n.步法

thankful

[’θæŋkfl]

adj.感谢的;感激的

conversationalist

[ˌkɒnvə’seɪʃnəlɪst]

n.健谈者、交谈者

lunge

[lʌndʒ]

n.刺;刺进;跃进

charitable

[’tʃærətəbl]

adj.仁慈的;(为)慈善事业的;宽恕的

prom

[prɒm]

Programmable Read only Memory 可编程序只读存储器

clumsy

[’klʌmzi]

adj.笨拙的;不得体的;笨重的

fluster

[’flʌstə(r)]

n.慌乱;狼狈;混乱

paragraph

[’pærəɡrɑːf]

n.段落

mingle

[’mɪŋɡl]

vt.使混合;使结合

penny

[’peni]

n.便士;【美】分

sneer

[snɪə(r)]

n.冷笑;嘲笑

disgust

[dɪs’ɡʌst]

n.厌恶;憎恶;反感

sneer

[snɪə(r)]

n.冷笑;嘲笑

简典