1. **Ascribe** -- 中性词，强调主观推测性归因（常与to连用） -- 多用于抽象事物：We ascribe his success to hard work. -- 文学色彩较浓：The poem was wrongly ascribed to Homer.
2. **Attribute** -- 客观性较强的归因，可指特征归属（+to） -- 既可用于抽象也可用于具体：The museum attributes the painting to Rembrandt. -- 技术文档常用：The error was attributed to system failure.
3. **Impute** -- 常含负面归责意味（+to） -- 法律/道德语境：They imputed the accident to the driver’s negligence. -- 经济术语：imputed rent（估算租金）
4. **Assign** -- 强调权威性分配行为（+to/for） -- 具体任务/属性分配：The teacher assigned roles for the play. -- 计算机领域：assign a value to a variable
5. **Refer** -- 侧重"指向性归属"（+to） -- 信息查询：Refer the matter to legal department. -- 学术引用：The term refers to 18th century philosophy.
6. **Credit** -- 积极归功（+to/with） -- 成就认可：She’s credited with discovering the vaccine. -- 金融语境：credit $500 to an account
7. **Accredit** -- 官方正式授权（+to） -- 机构认证：an accredited university -- 外交用语：an ambassador accredited to France
8. **Charge** -- 含责任转嫁意味（+with/to） -- 法律指控：He was charged with murder. -- 财务责任：The expense was charged to my account.
