Explore the Meanings of Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain in the Context of Contemporary Cultural Industry

从当代文化产业探讨杜象《喷泉》的意涵

Pioneers such as Naum Gabo, Marcel Duchamp, László Moholy-Nagy, and Alexander Calder produced movement by such means as water, mechanical devices, and air currents (as in Calder’s mobiles).

先驱人物如伽勃、杜象、莫霍伊-纳吉和考尔德以水、机械装置和气流(如考尔德的)等方法来产生动态。

Ready-made: Everyday object selected and designated as art. The name was coined by Marcel Duchamp, whose first ready-mades included a snow shovel that he picked up on a snowy day in New York, and a wheel mounted on a stool (1913).

现成物品:将日常生活用品作为主题设计的艺术品。这一名称由杜象杜撰而成，其第一批现成物品包括在纽约一个雪天拾到的雪铲和一个椅子上的轮子(1913)。

Happiness is beneficial for the body , but it is grief that develops the powers of the mind. (Marcel Proust, French writer)

愉快有益于人的身体，但只有悲伤才能培养心灵力量。(法国作家普鲁斯)

At the conference, a paper by Jean-éric Tremblay and Marcel Babin of Laval University, in Quebec, described the effect by reporting the density difference of water at the surface and at a depth of 100 metres in different oceans.

“北极边境”会上，Jean-éric Tremblay与拉瓦尔大学的Marcel Babin带来了他们的研究性论文成果。

||1: Mr Lévy’s longevity at the top is unusual in a business known for short attention spans. ||2: But Publicis is unusual, too. ||3: Since the Paris-based firm was founded by Marcel Bleustein-Blanchet in 1926, it has had only two bosses: the founder and Mr Lévy, who took over in 1987. ||4: Mr Lévy, who turns 70 in February, had planned to retire at the end of this year, but the board recently raised the age limit for its members to 75. ||5: On November 29th Publicis said that all of them had been reappointed for four years.

||1:列维先生在以注意力转瞬即逝著称的行业中长期占据高层领导的位置实属罕见。||2:但是阳狮集团也是一个非比寻常的企业。||3:自从这家总部在巴黎的公司由莫里斯.布朗谢于1926年创建以来，它只有过两位老板：创始人和于1987年掌权的列维先生。||4:今年二月份就满70岁的列维先生，已计划年底退休。但是最近董事会将其成员的退休年限提高到了75岁。||5:11月29日，阳狮集团声称所有的董事会成员将再任职四年。

||1: Mr Riding’s book is an impressively comprehensive survey of the occupation years: the relentless persecution of France’s Jews, especially the foreign-born, by the Vichy authorities as well as the Germans; ||2: Goebbels’s expropriation of Jewish-owned art; ||3: the fascism of some French intellectuals, and the attraction of Stalin’s communism for others. ||4: One irony is that French cinema, so enriched by Jewish directors, actors and producers before the war, nonetheless flourished after their expulsion thanks to an influx of new talent. ||5: Mr Riding particularly praises Marcel Carné’s “Les Enfants du Paradis”.

||1:让人印象非常深刻的是，里丁的书可谓对德占期法国的一次全面调查：法国的犹太人--特别是那些在国外出生的--被维希政权和德方残酷迫害；||2:戈培尔“征收”（实则为抢）犹太人拥有的艺术品；||3:一些法国知识分子的法西斯主义倾向，也有部分被斯大林的共产主义所吸引。||4:一个巨大的讽刺是，战前的法国电影因有犹太导演,演员和制片人的加入而更加丰富，在他们遭到驱逐后，因新锐们蜂拥而入，电影业不受影响一如既往的繁荣着。||5:里丁大力赞扬了马塞尔·卡内尔的《天堂的孩子们》。

||1: Much of this book, notably the flight to America of artists such as Marc Chagall and Marcel Duchamp, or the collaboration of the narcissistic Jean Cocteau, will be familiar to those who have read Frederic Spotts’s 2008 book, “The Shameful Peace”. ||2: Mr Riding used to write about European culture for the New York Times and was based in Paris. ||3: Where he adds value is in his analysis of the subtle challenges of the Nazi occupation for the various sectors of the arts. ||4: If escape and exile were not the chosen option, actors needed to tread the boards, singers needed the music halls, musicians needed the concert hall. ||5: How could they avoid giving succour to the enemy, given the many Germans in the audience?

||1:如果有人读过弗雷德里克·斯波茨2008年的新作《可耻的和平》，就会对这本书里很多内容有似曾相识之感，不论是以马克·夏加尔和马塞尔·杜尚为代表的逃匿去美国的艺术家们，还是自恋的让·谷克多通敌。||2:里丁长住巴黎，过去常给美国的《纽约时报》供稿，内容是关于欧洲的文化。||3:关于纳粹对各艺术流派的微妙挑战的分析，为这本书加分了。||4:如果不选择逃亡和放逐，那演员还是要登台演戏，歌手需要音乐厅，音乐家也需要演奏厅。所||5:以就算观众席上坐着的有很多德国人，他们又怎么可能避免为敌人表演呢？

At the conference, a paper by Jean-eric Tremblay and Marcel Babin of Laval University, in Quebec, described the effect by reporting the density difference of water at the surface and at a depth of 100 metres in different oceans.

在这次会议上，魁北克拉瓦尔大学的让-埃里克-特伦布莱和马塞尔-巴宾提交的报告中，通过报告不同海洋海平面和100米深处不同的水密度，描述了这种效应。

The 2009 book "Far North" by Marcel Theroux depicts people living with the consequences of planetary warming.

09年马赛尔斯瑞克斯发表的《最北方》描述了生活在气候变化影响下的人们。

But clear strategic guidance, Miss Marcel argues, goes hand-in-hand with operational autonomy at the best NOCs.

Marcel女士认为，在最好的国家石油公司里，清晰的战略指导和自主性的操作是同样重要的。

Marcel Ospel’s departure from the job of chairman was also announced.

董事会主席马塞尔·奥斯佩尔（MarcelOspel）离职的消息也已公布。

Nearby, the ground floor of what used to be the Missions to Seamen building is now a restaurant with the curiously apt name of "Marcel " .

附近，曾经用来向海员派遣任务的建筑底层现在是一家餐厅，有个易引起好奇的名称“烫发”。

On the Features of Marcel Ayme’s Modern Realistic Method

论埃梅独特现代现实主义手法及其特征

After less than two years in the job, Marcel Rohner resigned as chief executive of UBS with immediate effect.

马塞尔罗纳在上任未满两年，便辞去了瑞士银行总裁的职务。

Michael grew up Accra, capital of his homeland Ghana, and the city that also gave the world Marcel Desailly.

马歇尔成长于阿克拉，他的祖国--加纳的首都，这个城市同样诞生了马塞尔德塞利。

Credit Suisse has plugged a gap at the top by hiring Marcel Kreis, a senior UBS executive, as head of its Asia Pacific private banking arm.

瑞士信贷已聘用瑞银高管马赛尔•克赖斯（MarcelKreis）担任其亚太私人银行业务主管，从而填补了公司高层的一个空缺。

Addressing shareholders in Basel, Marcel Rohner, chief executive, said further job cuts would be detailed next month.

瑞银首席执行官马塞尔-罗内尔（MarcelRohner）在巴塞尔向股东表示，将于下月公布进一步裁员的具体细节。

On Literary Creation of Marcel Proust

试论普鲁斯特的文学创作

After less than two years in the job, Marcel Rohner resigned as chief executive ofUBS with immediate effect.

在瑞士联合银行工作不到两年之后，MarcelRohner辞去了CEO的职务并立即生效。

In the 2004 games, Switzerland won one gold (from Marcel Fisher in fencing), one silver and three bronze medals.

在这次奥运会中，瑞士获得一枚金牌（来自于MarcelFisher参加的击剑比赛），一枚银牌和三枚铜牌。

marcel waver

美发器

Avions Marcel Dassault Breguet Aviation (AMD BA)

达索—布雷盖飞机制造公司(法国)

Avions Marcel Dassault-Breguet Aviation (AMD-BA)

达索—布雷盖飞机制造公司(法国)