Spider-Man never explains why scientists would tinker with a spider’s genes, but real-world geneticists are altering animal genes to fight real villains

电影《蜘蛛侠》根本没有解释为什么科学家会改动蜘蛛的基因，但是现实世界的遗传学家却正在改变动物的基因来对付自然界的真正坏蛋。

Human geneticists have turned to studies of twins

人类遗传学家一直把注意力转向对双胞胎的研究。

Immunizing people against a host of infections in this way has worked reasonably well for more than a century, but geneticists think they can do better

使人类免患各种感染的这种方法已相当有效地持续了一个多世纪，但是遗传学家们认为他们还能做得更好。

In fact, geneticists have known for a long time that natural selection does not always have an opportunity to work perfectly

事实上，遗传学家们很久以前就已经知道，自然选择并非总是有机会很理想地发生作用的。

The most controversial implication of the geneticists ’ work is that modern human didn’t slowly and inexorably evolve in different part of the world as many anthropologists believed

现代遗传学家的研究结果所暗示的论点最有争议。他们认为并不象许多人类学家所相信的那样-现代人类缓慢而坚稳地在世界上不同的地区进化。

The assault on biological determinism that geneticists have now triggered will be timely, and that human nature is a lot more complex and intriguing than determinists have given it credit for

遗传学家对生物决定论的抨击恰如及时雨，人类的本性远比决定论者想象的更加复杂和令人迷惑。

Both geneticists and archaeologists could be right, with any mixed DNA lost by chance over the millennia

遗传学家和考古学家都可能是对的，他们认为由于历经数千年在偶然的情况下失落了混合DNA。

These chromosomes are so simple that some geneticists prefer to call them chromonemes

这些染色体结构简单，许多遗传学家喜欢称它们为染色丝。

The quality and relevancy of the arguments and of the experts is decreasing, having gone from population geneticists to bio-statisticians to statisticians from completely unrelated fields.

争论和专家的质量和关联性都在下降，已经从人口遗传学家转移到生物统计学家，再到完全不相关的领域的统计学家。

David B. Goldstein of Duke University is among the geneticists who are debating which path to follow in disease research.

DavidB.Goldstein是杜克大学的遗传学家之一，他正在仔细考虑疾病研究的下一步应该怎么走。

Geneticists have mostly mended their ways, tightening statistical criteria, but other fields still need to clean house, Ioannidis says.

大部分的基因学者已经修正了他们的方向，提高了统计标准，但在其他领域仍然需要清理门户，埃尼迪斯说。

However, so far, geneticists have found only rare gene mutations that contribute to isolated cases of obesity.

但是到现在为止，遗传学者仅发现少量的的基因突变导致肥胖的孤立案例。

But in 2008 several geneticists convinced me that the field had advanced far enough to give us a good chance of getting useful results.

但是在2008年的时候，几位遗传学家说服了我，他们告诉我遗传学领域已经有了十足的进步，运用相关技术手段我们会获得很多有用的结果。

Until recently geneticists were not interested in particular genes.

基因学家们最近才开始对特定基因感兴趣。

Geneticists have yet to decipher the complex code by which epigenetic marks interact with the other components of the genome.

目前，遗传学家还未破解外遗传标签与基因组其他组成之间，产生互动的复杂编码。

The family then came to the attention of geneticists at Oxford, who began a dogged search for the gene that caused these problems.

随后，牛津大学的遗传学家们也开始注意到了这个家庭，并对导致该问题的基因展开了不懈的搜寻。

He learned the small nation is quite literally a family; curiously, geneticists have found that all Icelandic citizens are related.

他了解到这个小国家实际上是个大家族；奇怪的是，遗传学家们发现所有的冰岛人全都是亲戚。

Many attendees were molecular biologists, biochemists or geneticists who are deconstructing milk bit by bit.

许多与会者都是正在逐渐进行母乳研究的分子生物学家、生物化学家或遗传学家。

Geneticists have by now identified a set of genes that regulate the SCN and thus the circadian rhythm among mammals.

遗传学家们目前确定了一系列基因，这些基因能够调节SCN和哺乳动物的昼夜节律。

Geneticists have developed several statistical methods for detecting sweeps, and hence of natural selection in action.

遗传学家们已经发明了数种统计方法用以检测扫描，因此能够在实际中对自然选择进行观察。

Geneticists have long known that new traits often require new genes, but the question remains where new genes originate.

遗传学家早就知道新特性的形成一般需要新的基因，但问题是新的基因是哪来的？

The thinking behind eugenics is still present. Many senior geneticists point to a genetically engineered future.

因为优生学背后的思想依然存在，许多资深遗传学家都指望，未来是一个基因工程决定一切的世界。

Until now geneticists have focused on small differences between individuals.

在此之前，遗传学家们关注的重点一直是个体之间的细微差异。

That’s the impressive potential of an ongoing Pentagon-funded research project, spearheaded by geneticists at Duke University.

这是一项由杜克大学基因科学家负责，由五角大楼出资的正在进行中的非常具有轰动性潜力的科研项目。

Recently geneticists have taken a closer look at a genetic aberration previously considered rare: copy number variation (CNV).

最近遗传学家对以前被认为很罕见的遗传变异：拷贝数变异（copynumbervariation，CNV）进行了更细致的研究。