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(1). Not all sounds made by animals serve as language, and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echolocation in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.

动物发出的声音并不是都能当作语言,因此我们只好求助于蝙蝠回声定位的这种非凡的发现,探究一下语音在何种情况下起着绝对有用的作用。

(2). To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions.

为了充分理解这层意思,我们首先必须求助于人类最近几项发明。

(3). Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back.

人人都知道,如果一个人在墙壁或山边附近大喊一声,回声就会传回来。

(4). The further off this solid obstruction the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.

离开坚实的障碍物越远,回声返回所需的时间越长。

(5). A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated.

击拍船体的声音会从海底反射过来,因此测定击拍声和接收回声之间的时间间隔,就能测算出那一位置上的海洋深度。

(6). So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.

这样回声测深仪就诞生了,现已为船只普遍采用。

(7). Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.

每一个坚实的物体均能反射声音,其声音各不相同,视物体的大小和性质而定。

(8). A shoal of fish will do this. So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish.

鱼群也会反射声音的。因此从确定海底的位置到确定鱼群的位置,这是比较简单的方法

(9). With experience, and with improved apparatus, it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but also to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well known fish, by the pattern of its echo.

随着经验的积累和设备的改进,我们现在不仅有可能确定鱼群的位置!而且可以根据鱼群回声的方式来判断这是鲱鱼、鳕鱼还是其他一些为人们所熟知的鱼类。

(10). A few years ago it was found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes they could locate and steer clear of obstacles--or locate flying insects on which they feed.

几年以前人们发现某些蝙蝠发出短促的尖叫声,它们利用接收回声就能确定障碍物的位置并绕开它,或者能确定在飞行中的昆虫的位置捕而食之。

(11). This echolocation in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.

蝙蝠这种回声定位常常可与雷达相比较,其原理是一样的。

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