Evidence is any statement or material object from which reasonable conclusions can be drawn.

证据是从中可以推理出合理结论的任何陈述或者具体的物质。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

It is a broad category embracing anything perceptible to the five senses including documents, exhibits, facts agreed to by both sides, and the testimony of witnesses.

证据是一个很广泛的类别，可以包括任何可被五官感觉到的东西，具体包括书证、物证、双方同意的事实、证人证词等。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

Evidence in a criminal trial concerns the intent, motive, means, and opportunity to commit a crime.

刑事审判中的证据关系到犯罪的目的、动机、方法和机会等。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

In general, evidence is divided into two categories, circumstantial and physical.

一般来讲，证据被划分为两种，间接证据和实物证据。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

Circumstantial evidence consists of information gleaned from witnesses and documents that point to an individual as the perpetrator of a crime.

间接证据包括通过证人收集的信息以及指向某一个人为罪犯的书证。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

Physical evidence consists of actual objects, bodies, weapons, body fluid stains, fingerprints, hairs, fibers, etc., that are associated with the crime and may be linked to the perpetrator.

实物证据包括与犯罪有关或者与罪犯相联系的真实的物质，如尸体、武器、人体的液体斑点、指纹、毛发和纤维等。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

It is the work of forensic scientists to examine the physical evidence, and using the methods of science, to reconstruct the events that constituted the crime.

法医科学家的工作就是要检验实物证据，使用科学方法重建构成犯罪的事件。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

The prosecutor must then combine this data with statements of witnesses and evidence from documents such as correspondence, telephone records and credit card receipts etc.

然后，控方必须将这些数据与证人证言、书证如信件、电话录音、信用卡收据等结合起来

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

He would develop an overall theory of the case which can be presented in court.

以便能够在法庭演示整个案件过程。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

Scientific evidence is an increasingly important part of both civil and criminal trials.

科学证据在民事和刑事审判中都占据着日益重要的地位。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

Forensic science is a growth industry.

法医学是一个发展中的产业。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

New technologies for analyzing physical evidence are growing rapidly and private companies are becoming an increasingly important resource for the legal system.

分析实物证据的新技术正在迅速发展，私人公司正在成为司法系统日益重要的资源。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

The testimony of experts is the primary means of introducing scientific evidence.

专家证据是引入科学证据的最初方法。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

Because these experts are imparting information "beyond the ken" of the layperson.

因为这些专家要向外行人讲授“外行人知识领域之外”的知识.

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

They must present information that goes beyond first hand observation, opinions and hearsay not permitted under ordinary rules of evidence.

他们就必须提出根据一般证据规则所不允许的直接观察资料、观点和传闻之外的知识。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

Lay witnesses are constrained to testify only about matters they have directly observed.

外行证人被限制在仅就他们直接观察到的事物作证。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

Expert witnesses are allowed to draw inferences from facts which the judge or jury is not competent to draw.

专家证人则被允许根据事实进行法官或者陪审团不能作出的推理。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

They may also rely on seminars, publications, records and conversations with other experts that are part of their normal course of business.

他们还可以根据他们的日常工作如讨论会、出版物、记录或者与其他专家的会谈等作出推理。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

Despite fictional presentations to the contrary (Perry Mason is a prime example), there are very few surprises in actual trials.

尽管可以进行相反的假定推理(Perry Mason是主要的例子)，在实际的审判中几乎不会出现任何惊人的发现。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质

This is because of the process called discovery, whereby opposing attorneys are permitted to learn the facts and expert opinions upon which the other side is basing its case prior to the actual trial.

这是因为称之为“发现”的程序，根据这个程序，在实际的审判前，对方律师被允许获知另一方掌握的案件事实和专家意见。

属类：法学专业-美国法律-证据的本质